Advances in Non-Invasive Urinalysis Techniques for Monitoring Health and Detecting Disorders: A Review

Urine, the sole fluid found in living organisms, can diagnose various disorders, such as diabetes, urethritis, chronic kidney diseases, and urinary tract infections, impacting people of all ages. Urine composition is a crucial indicator of overall health. To maintain a healthy lifestyle, daily monitoring is essential. Traditional urinalysis, however, relies on costly, time-consuming clinical equipment, making it impractical for daily use. To address this, non-invasive, fast, and portable urinalysis methods have emerged. This paper explores diverse approaches and sensory techniques, including e-nose (smell), color sensing, conductivity, fiber optics, and machine learning. These methods aim to monitor hydration levels and detect diseases like diabetes, kidney stones, urinary tract infections, and chronic kidney diseases. While these technologies have limitations in reliability, if a test yields a negative result, consulting a doctor promptly for a follow-up examination is crucial.