An Outline of the Bidirectional DC–DC Power Converters: Topologies and Control Schemes

The popularity of bidirectional DC–DC power converters is on the rise due to their versatile applications, including uninterruptible power supplies, energy storage systems, Electric Vehicles (EVs), and renewable energy setups. In the context of EVs, these converters play a pivotal role in efficiently managing power flow between the source and the propulsion motor, enabling energy regeneration during braking and downhill movement. This regeneration capability can significantly enhance traction drive efficiency, extending the overall driving range by up to 25% .Optimizing the design of bidirectional DC–DC converters is crucial for achieving superior performance while minimizing mass, size, and cost. This paper aims to comprehensively explore these converters from both the topology and control system perspectives. Topologically, converters are categorized as non-isolated and isolated, each further divided into eight subcategories. Furthermore, the paper investigates widely used control systems and strategies in switching for these converters. Control schemes such as PID, fuzzy logic, and digital control are commonly employed across all DC–DC power converters. Each control scheme and topology is described in detail, providing a benchmark for implementing unique configurations or selecting the most suitable converter for specific design requirements. The paper serves as a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners involved in the evolving field of bidirectional DC–DC power converters, offering insights into their diverse applications and the optimization of their design.