Improvement of AGC for Multi-Area Deregulated Power Systems with Integrated RESs using a modified TID.

This article’s aim is to investigate how a restructured power system’s automated generation control (AGC) demonstrates the intermittent character of renewable energy sources (RESs). The power plant under study incorporates many real-time nonlinearities, such as boiler dynamics, generation rate constraint (GRC), and governor dead band (GDB), in addition to three distinct energy sources—gas, hydro, and thermal—in each control region. Through various tie-lines, three controllers—TID, ID-T, and PID-T (proposed)—are applicable for both planned and unscheduled power under different contracts, including poolco, contract violation-based transactions and bilateral. In addition, RESs (such as solar and wind plants) is used for case study purpose. A new type of modified Proportional-Integral-Derivative-Tilt (PID-T) controller has been developed and compared with some existing controllers. A modified Sea-horse Optimisation (SHO) method has been presented for optimising the various parameters of the proposed controller. To demonstrate the SHO’s superiority, a few popular meta-heuristic algorithms are compared to it. To check the robustness and flexibility of the recommended controller, analysis was done under a poolco-based transactions. The comprehensive study findings provide strong proof in favor of the proposed controller and optimization’s effectiveness and efficacy.