Advances in Cow Bone Ash as a Replacement for Portland Cement in Green Building Composites

Demand for cement-based building composites due to the increased human population is on the rise. The need for shelter and other infrastructure has led to increased cement production, which contributes to global warming by releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Over recent years, there have been increased studies on sustainable alternative building materials that could replace Portland cement in cementitious building composites. This study provides an overview of the utilization of cow bone ash in green building composites to replace Portland cement. The study shows that cow bone ash contains a high oxide of calcium and can be used as an alternative sustainable replacement material for cement in green building composites.