Wireless Channel Characterization From 2 to 28 GHz in an Outdoor Parking Lot

This letter presents wideband measurements and simulations ranging from 2 to 28 GHz conducted in a parking lot, with and without cars. The measurements have been carried out considering a transmitter placed in an elevated position, with an omnidirectional antenna. The receivers have been distributed in the parking area also using omnidirectional antennas. Furthermore, the OPAL open-source ray launching tool has been used to simulate the different propagation mechanisms. The CI, FI, CIF, and ABC propagation models have been considered, showing a consistent behavior of the propagation path loss exponent with the frequency. The results suggest that the presence of cars has a minimal impact on the path loss along all frequencies.