Design and study of smart irrigation system using photovoltaic cells based smart IOT system and weather prediction system for energy and water conservation in India

India, as an agrarian nation with a population of 1.4 billion, relies heavily on agriculture for livelihoods and food supply. This dependence poses a substantial food security challenge. Furthermore, approximately 90% of our groundwater resources are utilized for crop irrigation, jeopardizing our water security. The conventional reliance on fossil fuels for energy exacerbates environmental issues, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, which are global concerns with far-reaching implications for climate change. In response to these multifaceted challenges, this paper presents a smart irrigation solution. It leverages automated irrigation technology, ensuring that fields receive water precisely when needed. Crucially, this system is powered by photovoltaic (PV) solar cells, rendering it carbon-negative by reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Additionally, the system incorporates rain prediction capabilities, preventing waterlogging and conserving precious groundwater resources. This integrated approach not only addresses food security but also combats air pollution, enhances crop yields, and safeguards vital freshwater sources for future generations.