Mobile Devices or Head-Mounted Displays: A Comparative Review and Analysis of Augmented Reality in Healthcare

Augmented reality (AR), which combines digital rendering with the real world, has significantly shaped the healthcare system. AR technology can be utilized through a range of devices, broadly grouped into two types: mobile devices and head-mounted displays (HMDs). Mobile devices for AR usually include smartphones, tablets, and smartwatches; on the other hand, HMDs include different models of smart glasses and AR headsets. Each device type offers a unique way to experience AR, making the technology accessible and adaptable for various healthcare applications. However, the differences between using mobile devices and HMDs, and which is preferred under specific conditions, have yet to be determined. To address this, the survey provides a comparative review and analysis of the use of mobile- and HMD-based AR in the context of healthcare. A total of 43 relevant studies published between 2021 and July 2023 were identified from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink based on predetermined keywords and inclusion criteria. Of these, 9 (21%) focused on mobile-based and 34 (79%) on HMD-based AR. We provided a summary for each study, followed by an analysis and comparison of the AR functionalities that drive researchers to adopt the technology, the healthcare purposes researchers aim to address, and the study locations. Additionally, this study summarized the benefits, limitations and challenges, as well as potential future directions for these AR healthcare applications. The objective is to provide a comprehensive overview of both mobile- and HMD-based AR applications in healthcare, which assist individuals in knowing the potential uses of the technology and to aid them in choosing the suitable device for their specific needs.