XFM: Accelerated Software-Defined Far Memory

DRAM constitutes over 50% of server cost and 75% of the embodied carbon footprint of a server. To mitigate DRAM cost, far memory architectures have emerged. They can be separated into two broad categories: software-defined far memory (SFM) and disaggregated far memory (DFM). In this work, we compare the cost of SFM and DFM in terms of their required capital investment, operational expense, and carbon footprint. We show that, for applications whose data sets are compressible and have predictable memory access patterns, it takes several years for a DFM to break even with an equivalent capacity SFM in terms of cost and sustainability. We then introduce XFM, a near-memory accelerated SFM architecture, which exploits the coldness of data during SFM-initiated swap ins and outs. XFM leverages refresh cycles to seamlessly switch the access control of DRAM between the CPU and near-memory accelerator. XFM parallelizes near-memory accelerator accesses with row refreshes and removes the memory interference caused by SFM swap ins and outs. We modify an open source far memory implementation to implement a full-stack, user-level XFM. Our experimental results use a combination of an FPGA implementation, simulation, and analytical modeling to show that XFM eliminates memory bandwidth utilization when performing compression and decompression operations with SFMs of capacities up to 1TB. The memory and cache utilization reductions translate to 5∼27% improvement in the combined performance of co-running applications.