Technology Forcing for Planetary Survival

Climate-change crises require urgent action and cannot be ignored. As extant technologies alone cannot solve these crises, in this article, no effort should be spared to give green innovations a fast track. This multiple-case study compares several ways of doing this. The comparative analysis indicates the superiority of technology-forcing mechanisms, in terms of the demonstrated magnitude of ecoinnovation and efficiency of public expenditure. Technology-forcing programs face considerable obstacles of ideology and precedent, however. Following the comparative analysis, we discuss the implications for governance.