Effects of Calendar and Cycle Ageing on Battery Scheduling for Optimal Energy Management: A Case Study of HSB Living Lab

This paper deals with the optimal scheduling of a building microgrid coupled with solar photovoltaic and battery energy storage (BES) considering battery degradation. The aim is to minimize the operation cost of the microgrid which includes the cost of imported electricity from the grid, the degradation cost of the battery, the cost for the peak power drawn from the grid, and the revenue from selling electricity to the grid. The nonlinear models of calendar and cycle ageing are linearized to solve the optimal scheduling as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The developed model is examined for a real residential building microgrid (HSB Living Lab) in Gothenburg, Sweden. The results show that if the degradation of the BES is ignored, the operation cost of the microgrid will increase by 1,394 SEK per year, and the ageing cost of the BES will also rise by 42.27%.