Optimal EV Charge Scheduling Considering FCR Participation and Battery Degradation

Emerging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology gives more flexibility to electric vehicles (EVs) for participating in ancillary service markets. This paper presents an optimal charge scheduling model for EVs by considering V2G, frequency containment reserve (FCR), and battery degradation, to investigate the profitability of FCR participation for an individual EV. The model considers the EV owners’ preferences for desired energy at the departure times while participating in FCR. The total scheduling cost of the EV is minimized through a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. The outputs of the MILP model are the EV’s charge/discharge pattern and the amount of power for each scheduling horizon. It is found that FCR participation is quite profitable for EV owners.