A Dynamic Collusion Analysis of Virtual Power Plants Framework in Day-Ahead Local Energy Market

In the past years, distribution networks have been equipped with distributed energy facilities, and the structures of electrical energy trading in these networks have changed. These changes have led to the creation of new electricity energy retail markets called the local energy market. Dynamic capacity withholding of players participating in these markets is an important issue. In this article, the dynamic capacity withholding of virtual power plants that participate in the local energy market is analyzed. Moreover, the uncertainties of distributed energy resources are considered and related risk analyses are modeled. In addition, for proper assessment of the dynamic capacity in the market, an index is introduced. The simulation is performed for the 123-bus test system.