A Comprehensive Study on the Communication Protocols for V2G Operations

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are widely recognized as highly effective tools for reducing oil demands and gas emissions, making them an essential component of an environmentally friendly transportation sector. They not only contribute to mini-mizing the strain on the grid but also serve as additional energy sources. The bidirectional nature of EV charging, facilitated by power electronics and onboard sources of energy, allows EVs to store and feedback power towards grid once required. This bidirectional flow of data and power scheme is known as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G). For conventional grids, imbalances between generation and connected load can lead to deviations in grid frequency and balance loss. V2G allows EVs to restore stability by significantly reducing the associated costs that could otherwise be incurred. When EVs are connected to the power grid for charging and/or discharging, they are referred to as Gridable EVs (GEVs). Consequently, the development of V2G communication protocols is imperative to ensure efficient, secure, and reliable information exchange during this process. Numerous research articles have been published on various V2G communication protocols over the years. This comprehensive research review presents an in-depth examination of V2G technologies, including their structures, components, and communication standards, providing a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.