Optimal Power Synergy For Pure Electric Vehicles Using on-Board LiC:A Genetic Algorithm Approach

Development processes related to vehicles' energy storage systems added significant improvements to their performance under different operating conditions. Many researchers and scholars devoted their interests to enhancing the capabilities and effectiveness of the battery, the primary energy source of any electrified propulsion system, such as prolonging its lifetime, increasing its storage capacity, fast charging ability without any prospective degradation, and adaptability to different operating temperatures. One of the salient solutions proposed to compensate for the majority of lithium-ion batteries' shortcomings is the hybridization with another energy storage system. Lithium-ion capacitors are a powerful energy source that can be integrated with batteries to attain useful results. This paper investigates a semi-active topology between a high-fidelity model of a lithium-ion battery and an on-board lithium-ion capacitor connected to a DC-DC converter. The proposed model of a battery has been compared with real test stand data over various standardized driving cycles after an accurate estimation of the battery parameters, which showed a high degree of consistency between simulation results and actual test data. An optimization technique-based genetic algorithm is proposed to determine the optimal power synergy between the energy sources while satisfying the constraints defined to limit the drastic drop in the state of charge for both energy sources without violating driveability conditions. The optimization results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed hybridization between energy sources in extending vehicle range and reducing the depleted energy from the lithium-ion battery under different standard driving cycles.