Societal Impacts of Batteries in Transportation Frameworks

This article focuses on the societal impact of lead-acid and lithium batteries, differentiating between five chemistries. This impact is broken down into three factors: social vulnerability, land use, and impact on local populations. By first studying the mass composition of the modules and then examining the societal impact of the materials that compose them, the overall societal impact is determined. The lithium iron phosphate battery proves to be the least impactful, and the lithium titanate oxide battery the most impactful. These results must be complemented by considering their uncertainties, as well as the energy density and current recyclability of batteries.