Brain Deformation Estimation With Transfer Learning for Head Impact Datasets Across Impact Types

Objective:
The machine-learning head model (MLHM) to accelerate the calculation of brain strain and strain rate, which are the predictors for traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the model accuracy was found to decrease sharply when the training/test datasets were from different head impacts types (i.e., car crash, college football), which limits the applicability of MLHMs to different types of head impacts and sports. Particularly, small sizes of target dataset for specific impact types with tens of impacts may not be enough to train an accurate impact-type-specific MLHM.
Methods:
To overcome this, we propose data fusion and transfer learning to develop a series of MLHMs to predict the maximum principal strain (MPS) and maximum principal strain rate (MPSR).
Results:
The strategies were tested on American football (338), mixed martial arts (457), reconstructed car crash (48) and reconstructed American football (36) and we found that the MLHMs developed with transfer learning are significantly more accurate in estimating MPS and MPSR than other models, with a mean absolute error (MAE) smaller than 0.03 in predicting MPS and smaller than
$\text{7}\;\text{s}^{-1}$
in predicting MPSR on all target impact datasets. High performance in concussion detection was observed based on the MPS and MPSR estimated by the transfer-learning-based models.
Conclusion:
The MLHMs can be applied to various head impact types for rapidly and accurately calculating brain strain and strain rate.
Significance:
This study enables developing MLHMs for the head impact type with limited availability of data, and will accelerate the applications of MLHMs.