Self-Organization in Cyberphysical Energy Systems: Seven Practical Steps to Agent-Based and Digital Twin-Supported Voltage Control

Due to the energy transition, energy systems need to become more agile, effective, and efficient. More situational awareness and direct responses to changes in the flow of energy are required, especially for electrical energy systems, where demand and supply must be balanced continuously and the power quality must be preserved. This change can be achieved by adding extra sensors, actuators, and information and communication technology (ICT) to collect and analyze data and to make decisions. The addition of ICT results in evolution toward a cyberphysical energy system (CPES), where physical and computational components are integrated to monitor and control physical energy processes.