A Novel Single-Ended Transient-Based Boundary Protection Based on the Instantaneous Energy of Traveling Waves

With the development of renewable energy sources, single-ended transient-based boundary protection, unaffected by the characteristics of electronic devices, has regained public attention. However, some issues remain: 1) due to the elimination of line traps, the line boundary characteristics relying solely on the bus stray capacitance are unclear; 2) conventional boundary protection has insufficient sensitivity to fault type, fault inception angle, fault resistance, and number of transmission lines; and 3) the internal faults and the remote bus faults cannot be reliably distinguished. Therefore, this paper presents a novel boundary protection scheme for a 220 kV transmission system. First, the transient model of the bus system is established, confirming that the line boundary without line traps still has a remarkable attenuating effect on high-frequency transients. Then, based on the Teager energy operator, a novel protection criterion with sufficient sensitivity is constructed by utilizing the high- to low-frequency instantaneous energy ratio of fault-generated traveling waves (TWs). Furthermore, remedial reclosing measures without the communication channel are proposed to address remote bus faults effectively. Finally, based on PSCAD software, the excellent performance of the proposed approach is verified in a renewable power system.