Heterogeneous Dynamic Graph Convolutional Networks for Enhanced Spatiotemporal Flood Forecasting by Remote Sensing

Accurate and timely flood forecasting, facilitated by remote sensing technology, is crucial to mitigate the damage and loss of life caused by floods. However, despite years of research, accurate flood prediction still faces numerous challenges, including complex spatiotemporal features and varied flood patterns influenced by multiple variables. Moreover, long-term flood forecasting is always tricky due to the constantly changing conditions of the surrounding environment. In this study, we propose a heterogeneous dynamic temporal graph convolutional network (HD-TGCN) for flood forecasting. Specifically, we designed a dynamic temporal graph convolution module (D-TGCM) to generate a dynamic adjacency matrix by incorporating a multihead self-attention mechanism, enabling our model to capture the dynamic spatiotemporal features of flood data by utilizing temporal graph convolution operations on the dynamic matrix. Furthermore, to reflect the impact of multiple meteorological and hydrological features on the heterogeneity of flood data, we propose a novel approach that utilizes multiple parallel D-TGCMs for processing heterogeneous graph data and implements a fusion mechanism to capture varied flood patterns influenced by multiple variables. Experiments conducted on a real dataset in Wuyuan County, Jiangxi Province, demonstrate that the HD-TGCN outperforms the state-of-the-art flood prediction models in mean absolute error, Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, and root-mean-square error, with improvements of 80.32%, 0.15%, and 73.99%, respectively, providing a more accurate flood forecasting method that will play a critical role in future flood disaster prevention and control.