Disentangle Then Calibrate with Gradient Guidance: A Unified Framework for Common and Rare Disease Diagnosis

The computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) for rare diseases using medical imaging poses a significant challenge due to the requirement of large volumes of labeled training data, which is particularly difficult to collect for rare diseases. Although Few-shot learning (FSL) methods have been developed for this task, these methods focus solely on rare disease diagnosis, failing to preserve the performance in common disease diagnosis. To address this issue, we propose the Disentangle then Calibrate with Gradient Guidance (DCGG) framework under the setting of generalized few-shot learning,
i.e
., using one model to diagnose both common and rare diseases. The DCGG framework consists of a network backbone, a gradient-guided network disentanglement (GND) module, and a gradient-induced feature calibration (GFC) module. The GND module disentangles the network into a disease-shared component and a disease-specific component based on gradient guidance, and devises independent optimization strategies for both components, respectively, when learning from rare diseases. The GFC module transfers only the disease-shared channels of common-disease features to rare diseases, and incorporates the optimal transport theory to identify the best transport scheme based on the semantic relationship among different diseases. Based on the best transport scheme, the GFC module calibrates the distribution of rare-disease features at the disease-shared channels, deriving more informative rare-disease features for better diagnosis. The proposed DCGG framework has been evaluated on three public medical image classification datasets. Our results suggest that the DCGG framework achieves state-of-the-art performance in diagnosing both common and rare diseases.