The interaction of electric vehicles with the power grid-Challenges and solutions

One quarter of the green house gas (GHG) emissions is attributed to the transport sector. As the world moves to a low-carbon economy, electrification and efficiency improvements of transport has become one of the primary policy targets. As a result, the charging infrastructure is expanding fast in many parts of the world. According to the IEA World Energy Outlook report, 2.7 million public charging points are installed worldwide at the end of 2022, while more than 900000 of them were installed in that year, which is about a 55% increase on 2021 stock. The development of a vast charging network is expected to considerably increase the energy demand for electric vehicle (EV) charging (“slow” chargers at home range from 3.3 kW to 22 kW compared to a typical home demand of 2 kW, and fast chargers capacity is up to 350 kW), posing great challenges to the safe, stable and economic operation of the power grid.