Evaluation of 3GPP Release 16 Indoor Positioning in Private Standalone 5G Networks

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive study that evaluates the 3GPP Release 16 specifications for indoor positioning for the first time in a private standalone 5G network. Through a detailed examination of design, practical implementation and deployment strategies via operational demonstrations, it assesses how well these specifications meet regulatory, commercial, and industrial needs. Empirical evaluation is conducted in real-world measurement scenarios, with a particular focus on an industrial environment featuring a smart factory. The findings demonstrate positioning accuracy ranging from less than a meter to a few meters, depending on specific scenarios and assumptions.