Innovating the way out of the energy crisis: Commercialization pathways of home energy management user-innovations

User innovations can have a significant impact on new and rapidly evolving markets of technologies, such as home energy management systems (HEMS), which are predicted to grow significantly in the near future. This study describes user innovators’ motivations, the user innovations and their scalability potential, and clarifies the business model design aspects that come across when commercializing them. The data for this research was collected with semi-structured interviews with individual users and solution providers in Finland during the energy crisis in 20222023.