ITO-based Spatial Light Modulators for Potential Integration with VCSELs and Photonic Integrated Circuits

An electrically controllable ITO metasurface is a breakthrough in light manipulation. Theoretical frequency response is 15–100 GHz for this cutting-edge technology. This technique might revolutionize high-speed optical data processing and enable integration with Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) and Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICs).