Characterization of the Amazon Rainforest Backscatter at X-Band Using TanDEM-X Data

The radiometric calibration of spaceborne SAR products plays a key role for ensuring a good performance of the whole end-to-end system and requires a precise knowledge of both the radar system and the illuminated target on ground. The shape of the antenna pattern in elevation can be directly estimated by analyzing SAR detected images in presence of a homogeneous and flat backscatter profile in the slant range dimension. To this aim, tropical rainforests have been established by the SAR community as well-known calibration sites for performing such an activity. Here, according to the hypothesis of isotropic scattering, the backscattering coefficient in terms of unit area perpendicular to the antenna, called gamma nought, is assumed to remain constant with respect to the incidence angle. Nevertheless, several studies using X- and C-band sensors have shown a slight dependency of the backscatter on the incidence angle, as well as on ground target properties and meteorological conditions. In this work, we present a detailed statistical characterization of radar backscatter at X-band over the Amazon rainforest using TanDEM-X data and we provide insights on how to best utilize radar backscatter data in this region for SAR calibration and modeling purposes. In particular, we concentrate on the dependency of the Amazon rainforest backscatter on the day-time of acquisition, which is directly related to the orbit direction of TanDEM-X. Furthermore, we analyze the seasonal variation of the radar backscatter, as well as possible radiation variations over different locations in the Amazon, characterized by different climate conditions and biomes. Finally, we provide a series of backscatter models for different scenarios, which can be used, e.g., for X-band spaceborne SAR system design and theoretical modeling.