Design and Implementation of Modulated Ultrasonic Transducer Based on an Empirically Physical-Based Carotid Model for Assessing Carotid Artery Stenosis

In this letter, we implement a modulated ultrasonic transdu- cer and propose an empirically physical-based carotid artery model for early detection of carotid artery stenosis. Experimental results show that in the range of 20%–75% carotid stenosis, the proposed carotid model reveals significant variations,
${R}_{\text{peripheral}}$
increases from 156 to 250
${\rm{\Omega }}$
,
${L}_{{\rm{sys\ inertia}}}$
decreases from 44.41 to 44.30 µH,
${L}_{{\rm{dia\ inertia}}}$
decreases from 26.42 to 26.30 µH, and
${C}_{\text{distal}}$
decreases from 39.73 to 39.68 pF. The proposed carotid model effectively validates the observed changes in peak systolic velocity (PSV) ranging from 1.53 to 4.33 m/s and PSV ration (PSVR) ranging from 1.38 to 3.94 in the range of 20%–75% carotid stenosis, where PSV and PSVR have historically been the primary diagnostic criteria for carotid disease. These results are successfully verified through COMSOL Multiphysics finite element material simulation, exhibiting close alignment with clinical results.