Segmentation Using the IC2T Model and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using the Rock Hyrax Swarm-Based Coordination Attention Mechanism

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) evaluations are increasingly being automated using artificial intelligence. Diabetes-related retinal vascular disease is a major cause of blindness and visual impairment worldwide. Therefore, automated DR detection devices would greatly aid in reducing visual impairment due to DR through early screening and treatment. Researchers have provided many techniques for picking out abnormalities in retinal images during the past several years. In the past, automated methods for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy required a human to extract information from retinal images before passing them on to a classifier. This study takes a novel two-pronged approach to automated DR classification to solve the issues. Due to the low positive instance percentage of existing asymmetric, we segment O.D.s and B.V.s with an enhanced version of an improved contoured convolutional transformer (IC2T). We develop a contoured optical disc (OD), a blood vessels (BV) detection module, and a dual convolutional transformer block that combines local and global contexts to make trustworthy associations. A second-stage Improved Coordination Attention Mechanism (ICAM) network is trained to recognize retinal biomarkers for DR such as microaneurysms (M.A.), haemorrhages (H.M.), and exudates (EX). With an average accuracy of 96%, 97%, and 98% on EyePACS-1, Messidor-2, and DIARETDB0, respectively, the suggested technique has proven itself to be at the field’s cutting edge. Comprehensive testing and comparisons to established methods support the proposed strategy.