A review of water fault diagnosis of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell

The proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are well-known as efficiency, affordability, and environmental friendliness. However, inadequate dependability and poor durability are significant concerns that limit their development. The two most frequent errors are flooding and drying. Consequently, a correct diagnosis of these two PEMFC defects is required. In this work, we outline the diagnosis approaches for PEMFC flooding and drying faults, with a focus on model-based methods, experimental methods, and data-driven methods. We summarize and examine online diagnosis methods based on data generated for flooding and drying problems, along with the diagnostic performance, benefits, and drawbacks of various diagnostic procedures. We propose relevant suggestions and prospects, such as setting up real vehicle operating conditions, developing high-power and multi-stack flooding and drying diagnosis technologies, optimizing fault location techniques in multiple stacks, and enhancing the adaptive performance of fault diagnosis techniques, given the limitations of current fault diagnosis techniques for flooding and drying in PEMFCs. These suggestions provide a reference for promoting the commercialization of PEMFCs.