Exploring the Kirchhoff Approximation of Simple Surfaces for GNSS-R Modeling

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is seeing more active interest in remote sensing for land applications. As more Signals of Opportunity (SoOp) missions emerge and as GNSS-R data is paired with machine learning (ML), it is important for SoOp researchers to clearly express physical interpretations of Delay Doppler Map (DDM) simulations over land structures to develop robust ML algorithms and mission concepts. To help illustrate the variability of SoOp measurements from space, the spaceborne variant of the SoOp Coherent Bistatic model and simulator (SCoBi) is used to display patterns and variability of DDMs over simple land structures.