Comprehensive Aggregator Methodology for EVs in V2G Operations and Electricity Markets

Electric vehicles (EVs) are pivotal in the global shift towards sustainable energy systems. As EV adoption rises, effective integration into the power grid becomes vital. Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations, enabling bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, enhance grid resilience and leverage EVs as distributed energy resources. This article presents a comprehensive framework addressing gaps in EV integration. It combines EV travel energy forecasts and electricity market engagement, coordinating forecast-based optimization with real-time management. Our approach introduces a novel prioritization mechanism, optimizing power allocation based on forecasted state-of-charge for upcoming trips. The optimization follows a multi-objective function that aims to minimize the operational costs and maximize both the upward and downward flexibility to provide ancillary services. The study assesses EV participation in Replacement Reserve, Secondary Reserve, and energy arbitrage. Simulations compare scenarios, unveiling optimal performances. The framework showcases EVs' potential to bolster grid stability, yielding economic value for EV owners and the power system. This article pioneers a holistic approach to EV integration, bridging current limitations, and emphasizing economic and technical benefits.