Extended Reality as a Training Approach for Visual Real-Time Feedback in Golf

Visual feedback can enhance motor learning in golf; however, so far, this has mostly been time-delayed. Using extended reality (XR), learners can receive visual feedback in real time without relying on an external perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate a novel XR-based method of real-time feedback for golf putt training. Thirty-two subjects were divided between an XR group and a technique instruction (TI) training group, completing three weeks of training each, and a no-training control group. XR training included a virtual club projected into the real training environment via HoloLens 2. Real-time information was provided on the precalculated targeted club alignment and velocity. The TI method included written technical instructions already used in golf putt training. Before and after the training, all subjects performed a pre-, post-, and retention test, and two transfer tests with shorter (2 m) and longer (4 m) putting distances than during training (3 m). Results showed a significant increase in the number of hits and a significant decrease in the radial error after training in all groups. The number of hits remained the same during the retention test and at shorter putting distance, but decreased at longer distance. The radial error decreased even more during the retention test and revealed no difference between putting distances. Our study shows that the acquisition of golf putting skills can be enhanced not only through proven TI training, but also by incorporating visual real-time feedback via XR. Future studies could examine the extent to which the effects of this method exceed those of TI training over a longer period when learners can familiarize themselves with it more.