Energy Management of a Hybrid Energy Storage System during Regenerative Braking in Electric Vehicle

This paper focuses on the implementation of regenerative braking in an electric vehicle equipped with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor. The paper signifies the advantages of regenerative braking and discusses the control design and simulation of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) with a new method of energy management comprising lithium battery (BT), dissipative resistor, and supercapacitor (SC) for an electric vehicle. To enable precise control over power flow, two bidirectional DC-DC converters are employed, connecting each source in parallel to the DC bus. The proposed energy management approach enables energy distribution between the BT and SC, taking into account the charge level of each source and the vehicle's operating conditions, including acceleration, deceleration, cruising on different terrains, and stops. The technique attempts to maximize supercapacitor utilization by permitting energy transfer from the BT to the SC during vehicle standstill or low load conditions. This prepares the supercapacitor for crucial conditions such as quick acceleration or climbing steep slopes. The resistor is essential for protecting the battery and the DC bus from voltage and current limits. Simulation of electric vehicle movement using the control design is verified and the effectiveness of the proposed energy management technique is assessed employing MATLAB/Simulink software.