Overview of Wave Propagation Effects for V2X Rooftop Antennas and Hidden Inside the Car

The growing trend of minimizing the visual impact of antennas to preserve the aesthetics of the car leads to a degradation of the far-field radiation patterns required for V2X communication at 5.9 GHz. This contribution outlines the main electromagnetic wave phenomena causing such deterioration and presents concepts to mitigate the effects that impact the antenna’s functionality. The cumulative distribution functions of antenna gain and of signal level characterize the simulative and measured performance for rooftop antennas and those under the car roof, respectively.