Adaptive DMPC-Based Frequency and Voltage Control for Microgrid Deploying a Novel EV-Based Virtual Energy Router

The widespread use of electric vehicles (EVs) has introduced many mobile energy storage devices to the power grid. Originally, this article first proposes a novel concept of an EV-based virtual energy router (VER). Through utilizing the energy storage and mobility capabilities of EVs, EV-based VERs can dynamically share power supply within microgrids by adaptive frequency and voltage regulation. Based on the grid-forming role of EV-based VERs, an adaptive distributed model predictive control (DMPC) is proposed for frequency and voltage regulation. First, a discrete predictive model is built based on the primary control with virtual inertia. Adaptable parameters are adopted to accommodate the variable capacity of EV-based VERs. Second, a centralized MPC scheme is designed to achieve accurate dynamic power sharing, frequency restoration, and voltage restoration. Third, the DMPC framework is proposed to decompose the centralized MPC by the designed correction multipliers, which can relax dynamic power sharing constraints. Finally, we analyze the convergence of the distributed algorithm and the stability of the dual-rate sampling system, formed by the adaptive primary control and DMPC-based secondary control. The simulations and experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed control.