Quantum Transfer Learning for Real-World, Small, and High-Dimensional Remotely Sensed Datasets

Quantum machine learning (QML) models promise to have some computational (or quantum) advantage for classifying supervised datasets (e.g., satellite images) over some conventional deep learning (DL) techniques due to their expressive power via their local effective dimension. There are, however, two main challenges regardless of the promised quantum advantage. Currently available quantum bits (qubits) are very small in number, whereas real-world datasets are characterized by hundreds of high-dimensional elements (i.e
.,
features). In addition, there is not a single unified approach for embedding real-world high-dimensional datasets in a limited number of qubits. Some real-world datasets are too small for training intricate QML networks. Hence, to tackle these two challenges for benchmarking and validating QML networks on real-world, small, and high-dimensional datasets in one go, we employ quantum transfer learning comprising a classical VGG16 layer and a multiqubit QML layer. We use real-amplitude and strongly-entangling N-layer QML networks with and without data reuploading layers as a multiqubit QML layer, and evaluate their expressive power quantified by using their local effective dimension and the lower local effective dimension of a QML network, the better its performance on unseen data. As datasets, we utilize Eurosat and synthetic datasets (i.e., easy-to-classify datasets), and an UC Merced Land use dataset (i.e., a hard-to-classify dataset). Our numerical results show that the strongly-entangling N-layer QML network has a lower local effective dimension than the real-amplitude QML network and outperforms it on the hard-to-classify datasets. In addition, quantum transfer learning helps tackle the two challenges mentioned above for benchmarking and validating QML networks on real-world, small, and high-dimensional datasets.