Improved Wireless Position-Detection of Metallic Plates in Orthopaedic Applications

We investigate possible techniques for improved detection of position, i.e., distance from the referent location, and angle of deflection of large metallic implants using two wireless sensors (antennas) at microwave frequencies. By means of electromagnetic simulations in free space, we compare the results obtained by the beamforming algorithm, calibrated changes in antenna resonant frequencies, and time-domain reflectometry.