Hybrid Electric Vehicle Voltage Regulation Using Backstepping Sliding Mode Control

The disadvantage of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is that it uses fuels, increasing harmful emissions. To solve this issue in a hybrid electric vehicle, a fuel cell (FC) has been proposed as the main source of energy, and then an ultracapacitor (UC) as a backup source. Both of these sources are linked in parallel to create the DC bus (HEV). This technology generates energy in response to the needs of the moving vehicle. In order to reduce overshoots and steady-state error under input voltage variations and load changes, back-stepping sliding mode control has been devised and put into practice. This has allowed for the regulation of the energy supply from both sources in MATLAB/Simulink.