Passive Localization of UAVs Based on Momentum Gradient Descent and WOA Algorithm

This paper proposes two optimization strategies for passive localization and position adjustment of UAV arrays. First, this paper considers circular UAV arrays in a polar coordinate system and analyses the edge-angle relationship of three types of geometric relationships based on the geometric relationship of UAVs on a circle to derive an algebraic equation containing polar angles. The solution of the equation is approximated using the momentum gradient descent method to derive the polar coordinates of the UAVs passively receiving signals, and the array of UAVs offset from their original positions is adjusted according to the greedy algorithm. Secondly, this paper extends the model to the general case of Cartesian coordinates and derives a system of equations for azimuth based on the cosine theorem, and then transforms the problem of solving the system of equations into an optimization problem with a penalty function term, and the array of UAVs offset from their original position is adjusted according to the greedy algorithm and WOA algorithm.