Experimental Separation Estimation of Incoherent Optical Sources Reaching the Cramér-Rao Bound

Resolving light sources below the diffraction limit is a fundamental task both for astronomy and microscopy. Several recent works analysed this problem through the lens of quantum parameter estimation theory and proved that the separation between two point sources can be estimated at the quantum limit using intensity measurements after spatial-mode demultiplexing. We implement this technique and provide an optimal estimator based on a linear combination of demultiplexed intensity measurements [1]–[3]. Our experimental setup (see Fig. 1 (left)) allows for the generation of the images of two sources, with tunable mutual coherence, as well as for spatial mode demultiplexing to estimate their separation [4].