Computerized Cognitive Training for Individuals Differenced by Mental Speed and Executive Functions

Evidences of brain neuroplasticity and revealed factors of the formation and execution of cognitive reserves are stimulating research into the effectiveness of computerized training of cognitive functions and identifying the contribution to this efficiency of executive functions (EF) and working memory (WM). We studied the relationship between components of intelligence and indicators of information selection, reflecting its efficiency and speed on a sample of students (n=268; 18.3±1.8 years old) (GrS). We used (i) the Amthauer Intelligence Structure Test to estimate the IQ components, (ii) the Attentional Network Test (ANT) to assess the functions of the executive attention system; and (iii) the one-back test (OBT) to evaluate WM. The effect of the predominant association between ANT indices and IQ scores was shown, while OBT performance - with the verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory. Such a differentiation of effects indicates a greater importance of processing speed for the successful completion of tasks for assessing intelligence and working memory for achieving better memorization using both verbal and visuospatial stimuli. In comparison working-memory performance during computerized training at home in the groups of young (n=58; 22.2±4.3 years) (GrS) and elderly (n=50; 65.5±7.7 years) (GrP), a consistently higher level was noted in GeS with a significantly slow increase in training efficiency in GrP.The success of training in GrS is determined by the summation of WM and processing speed, while in GrP depends on a complex of factors, such as motivation, perseverance and behavior control or the initial indicators of cognitive functions.