Energy-Efficient Data Routing in Landslide-Prone Area Using Wireless Sensor Networks With Drone

Landslides and avalanches are the two major hydro-geological hazards that affect large parts of India, especially in Himalayas, northeastern hills, Munnar, and Uttarakhand. The rock fall, cracks, muddy in river water, etc., are used to identify the occurrence of landslide. Nowadays, sensor nodes are deployed in the landslide-prone area to monitor the soil grip. The proposed method focuses on collecting the data from the landslide-prone area and reduces the human risk on physical inspection. Energy-efficient and reliable data collection protocol (EERDCP) is introduced depending on the principle of tap root growing in the tree, in which residual energy, distance, and tuning parameters are considered for selecting the SR node, FOL node (FOLN), SOL node, and FOLN head nodes. These parameters are given as input to a fuzzy inference system to choose the best relay node. Also, the head node of tap root collects the data from sensor nodes which in turn transmit to the mobile sink (MS). The performance of the proposed routing approach is tested in the network simulator-2 and the results are compared with the existing protocols cluster switched data gathering protocol, mobile sink and fuzzy-based relay node routing, fuzzy-based relay node selection and energy-efficient routing, and general self-organized tree-based energy balance. The results show that the proposed EERDCP outperforms the existing routing scheme in terms of average energy consumption, average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, control overhead, and network lifetime.