A Study on Reducing Skin Irritation in Multi-Channel TES for Painless Force Feedback

Reducing unwanted skin irritation during transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TES) is essential for providing clear virtual sensations in virtual reality (VR) systems, leading to a more immersive experience. We investigated general characteristics of parameters in the TES, including the number of channels and pulse width of the stimulation signal, which may affect reducing skin irritation with 3D electromagnetic computer simulation with numerical neuron models. The results showed that the increasing number of channels and the declining pulse width attenuated skin irritation to 44.5 %.