High-Precision Time-to-Digital Conversion for Calibration of Outphasing Radio Transmitters

Wireless transceivers for 5G NR FR2 frequencies around 30 GHz support signal bandwidths up to 400 MHz to achieve ambitious data rates. The Phase Modulators (PMs) in the FR2 outphasing transmitters generates delays with delay steps of about a few hundred femtoseconds. To calibrate and linearize the PMs, time-to-digital converters (TDCs) that measure delays with higher accuracy in the order of a few femtoseconds are required. To this end, this work explores two synthesizable time interval averaging (TIA) TDCs which employ averaging to achieve a high accuracy with low-precision hardware. The results show that the delay quantization step of the converter has an effect only on the time taken to achieve the required accuracy, presenting opportunities to reduce area and power consumption. Simulation shows that a TDC with quantization step of 12.5 ns achieves an accuracy of 0.3 fs by averaging $2^{28}$ samples. For a 32 GHz 7-bit PM producing a minimum delay step of 244 fs, this implies a TDC of 8-bit precision for each time step. The hardware synthesized towards a 22 nm FDSOI process occupies 0.0004 $\mathrm{mm}^{2}$ area and consumes 0.3 mW power.