The Fundamental Patterns of Sea Surface Temperature

For over 40 years, remote sensing observations of the Earth’s oceans have yielded global measurements of sea surface temperature (SST). With a resolution of approximately 1 km, these data trace physical processes like western boundary currents, cool upwelling at eastern boundary currents, and the formation of mesoscale and submesoscale eddies. To discover the fundamental patterns of SST on scales smaller than 10 km, we developed an unsupervised, deep contrastive learning model named NENYA. We trained NENYA on a subset of 8 million cloud-free cutout images ( $\sim \,\,80 \times 80$ km2) from the MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor, with image augmentations to impose invariance to rotation, reflection, and translation. The 256-dimension latent space of NENYA defines a vocabulary to describe the complexity of SST and associates images with like patterns and features. We used a dimensionality reduction algorithm to explore cutouts with a temperature interval of ${\Delta T}= 0.5-1$ K, identifying a diverse set of patterns with temperature variance on a wide range of scales. We then demonstrated that SST data with large-scale features arise preferentially in the Pacific and Atlantic equatorial cold tongues and exhibit a strong seasonal variation, while data with predominantly submesoscale structure preferentially manifest in western boundary currents, select regions with strong upwelling, and along the Antarctic circumpolar current. We provide a Web-based user interface to facilitate the geographical and temporal exploration of the full MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) dataset. Future efforts will link specific SST patterns to select dynamics (e.g., frontogenesis) to examine their distribution in time and space on the globe.