Merging Satellite and Gauge-Measured Precipitation Using LightGBM With an Emphasis on Extreme Quantiles

Knowing the actual precipitation in space and time is critical in hydrological modeling applications, yet the spatial coverage with rain gauge stations is limited due to economic constraints. Gridded satellite precipitation datasets offer an alternative option for estimating the actual precipitation by covering uniformly large areas, albeit related estimates are not accurate. To improve precipitation estimates, machine learning is applied to merge rain gauge-based measurements and gridded satellite precipitation products. In this context, observed precipitation plays the role of the dependent variable, while satellite data play the role of predictor variables. Random forests are the dominant machine learning algorithm in relevant applications. In those spatial prediction settings, point predictions (mostly the mean or the median of the conditional distribution) of the dependent variable are issued. The aim of the manuscript is to solve the problem of probabilistic prediction of precipitation with an emphasis on extreme quantiles in spatial interpolation settings. Here we propose, issuing probabilistic spatial predictions of precipitation using light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). LightGBM is a boosting algorithm, highlighted by prize-winning entries in prediction and forecasting competitions. To assess LightGBM, we contribute a large-scale application that includes merging daily precipitation measurements in contiguous United States with PERSIANN and GPM-IMERG satellite precipitation data. We focus on extreme quantiles of the probability distribution of the dependent variable, where LightGBM outperforms quantile regression forests (a variant of random forests) in terms of quantile score at extreme quantiles. Our study offers an understanding of probabilistic predictions in spatial settings using machine learning.