Spatiotemporal Variations of $\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$ Concentration and Its Heterogeneous Relationship with Natural and Humanity Factors in Handan of China

The problem of
$\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$
air pollution is increasingly severe in China due to rapid urbanization, especially in developing villages. However, the vast majority of existing research on
$\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$
is limited to the provincial or municipal scales and fails to consider regional heterogeneity. This study employs a spatial panel regression model to investigate the spatial spillover effects of township level PM2.5. Using Handan, China as a case study, the study examines the effects of various human and natural factors on
$\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$
for each sub-unit to discover spatiotemporal interactions. The findings indicate that the
$\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$
concentration is significantly influenced by mixed factors and exhibits positive spillover characteristics. In addition, waterfront landscape belts and large-scale ecological parks in central areas may help reduce
$\mathbf{PM}_{2.5}$
concentration.