Optimizing the Efficiency and Stability of CsSnCl3-based Perovskite Solar Cells using SCAPS Simulation Tool

Perovskite-based solar cells (PSCs) are the quickest-developing developing solar energy sources presently. The lead-based PSCs have the highest effectiveness, but regardless of their many benefits, such SCs possess a significant problem with toxicity. The use of lead-free PSCs substance eliminates the toxicity problem. The photovoltaic (PV) cell design of Sn based perovskite; ITO/TiO
2
/CsSnCl
3
/Cu
2
O/Au is described in this paper. The SCAPS software is used to simulate the performance of CsSnCl
3
-based PSCs with varying interface defect density (IDD) and increasing front contact transparency. The efficacy of PV cells has been investigated by changing the IDD from 10
¹⁰
to 10
¹³
cm
^-2
and front contact transparency is increased from 10% to 95%. The results show that minimizing IDD concentrations is beneficial for device efficiency. When the IDD of PSCs is minimal (10
¹⁰
mA/cm
^-2
), the suggested Sn-based PSC has the greatest efficiency of 25.68%, with V
OC
= 0.98 V, J
SC
= 25.68 mA/cm
^-2
, and FF = 76.54%. At 95% front contact transparency, the improved PV values are PCE of 19.38%, V
OC
of 0.98V, J
SC
of 24.39mA/cm
^-2
, and FF of 76.56%.