Framework and model for flexibility exchange between DSO and LECs

The energy system in Europe is in continual change toward renewable and distributed energy resources. In these conditions, the need for a framework and models that highlight the possibility for end-users to interact with the grid operators becomes essential. As the power system is being connected to intermittent energy sources such as wind and solar, the need for responsive end-users to tackle grid challenges rises. For this reason, effective coordination between the grid operators and the end-users becomes essential. This paper aims to address this problem by showing the method for coordination of DSO with multiple LECS in the flexibility market. The model is presented as AC/AC OPF problems with ADMM extension for DSO coordination with multiple LECs in the flexibility market. The application of the model based on data from real German DSO shows that there is an economic benefit for the grid operator in utilizing end-user flexibility even before grid problems occur. This indicates that optimal coordination and the integration of this flexibility are desirable.