Constraints and solutions to power electronics penetrations in power systems

Power system has recently been undergoing fundamental revolutions especially in the displacement of conventional thermal generations with renewable resources. While balancing of supplies and loads becomes immediate challenge due to uncertainty and fluctuation of the primary resources, power electronics replacing synchronous machines as technology for energy conversions brings essentially more sophisticated impacts to stability and security of power system operations. Potential threatening goes far more beyond the widely recognized problems including shortage of inertia in its conventional frequency response connotation, but relevant to scenario transformation of the overall characteristics of systems dynamics. The situation is getting worsening in China especially to meet the long distance transmission needs deploying conventional high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies in increasingly large scale, as well as new HVDC technology for offshore wind transmissions.