Triple-frequency PPP-AR model comparison from the user perspective: combined and uncombined models

This paper compares the performance of the combined and uncombined triple-frequency PPP-AR models from the user perspective. Simulated GPS and Galileo data are generated by an advanced signal generator and collected by a high-grade receiver to compare the results. The comparison is conducted under four criteria: positioning accuracy, convergence time, ambiguity fixing rate, and the scalability of the models. Both models achieve high positioning accuracy. The combined model can get rapid, almost instant fix, but is sensitive to satellite geometry and threshold conditions, whereas the uncombined model takes a longer time to reach the first fix but is comparatively less sensitive to these factors and more scalable.